The Handbook on Identifying and Countering Disinformation is an OER developed within the context of the DOMINOES (Digital cOMpetences INformatiOn EcoSystem) project. DOMINOES is an Erasmus+ funded project whose main goal is to help citizens recognise, evaluate, and react appropriately to online disinformation and improve digital literacy.

A resource for developing digital competencies

The topics covered within the handbook are linked to a series of competencies found in the 2022 Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. Split into 6 chapters, it explores different aspects of the Competence Framework:

• Emerging trends in disinformation
• Aggravating factors for the dissemination of fake news
• Mitigating factors for the dissemination of fake news
• Legal framework for countering disinformation
• Tech-driven solutions
• Public policy analysis

Using case studies and best practice examples, the handbook outlines what disinformation is, how it operates, its impact, and what can be done to counter it. It also highlights the main challenges in the fight against disinformation and provides a foundation for developing the competencies listed in the Framework. Developed by a consortium of partners from Spain, Malta and Romania, the handbook focuses on national policy analysis for these three countries and European public policy analysis. This is therefore a vital resource in developing resilience against misinformation and digital competencies on a national and European scale.